MNM
Evidence

The full reference library

310 curated references across foundational physiology, consensus statements, pediatric-specific data, and recent literature. Every <Cite> chip across the site links back here.

Bibliography version 2026-06-05
Evidence-grade legend
AMultiple RCTs / strong pediatric systematic reviewsBSingle RCT or strong adult + pediatric replicationCObservational / case seriesExpertConsensus / expert opinionSparsePediatric data essentially absent
Category
Grade

Showing 310 of 310 references

Foundational (107)

  1. [figaji2024_pbto2_peds]BFigaji AA et al. (2024). Brain tissue oxygen monitoring in pediatric severe TBI: long-term outcomes. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine.
  2. [cho2024_ecmo_outcomes]BCho SM et al. (2024). Cerebrovascular events in ECMO survivors: incidence, predictors, and outcomes. Critical Care Medicine.
  3. [kerscher2023_npi]CKerscher SR et al. (2023). The Neurological Pupil index in the pediatric ICU: feasibility and clinical correlates. Neurocritical Care.
  4. [hartings2020]CHartings JA et al. (2020). Prognostic value of spreading depolarizations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. JAMA Neurology;77(4):489–499. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4476
  5. [hartings2020_sd_natural_history]BHartings JA et al. (2020). Subarachnoid blood acutely induces spreading depolarizations and early cortical infarction. Brain;143(11):3373-3389.
  6. [smielewski2018icmplus]ExpertSmielewski P et al. (2018). ICM+: software for on-line bedside data analysis in neuromonitoring. Acta Neurochir Suppl.
  7. [oddo2018_npi_orange]BOddo M et al. (2018). Quantitative versus standard pupillary light reflex for early prognostication in comatose cardiac arrest patients: an international prospective multicenter double-blinded study (ORANGE). Intensive Care Medicine;44(12):2102-2111.
  8. [howells2017rap]CHowells T et al. (2017). An optimal frequency range for the analysis of pressure reactivity. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing;31(1):85–93.
  9. [hartings2017cosbid]BHartings JA et al. (2017). The continuum of spreading depolarizations in acute cortical lesion development: examining Leão's legacy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab;37(5):1571–1594.
  10. [donnelly2017mapopt]BDonnelly J et al. (2017). Individualizing thresholds of cerebral perfusion pressure using estimated limits of autoregulation. Critical Care Medicine;45(9):1464-1471.
  11. [olson2016]Olson DM et al. (2016). Interrater reliability of pupillary assessments. Neurocritical Care;24(2):251–257. doi:10.1007/s12028-015-0182-1
  12. [lorusso2017]Lorusso R et al. (2016). In-hospital neurologic complications in adult patients undergoing venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: results from the ELSO Registry. Critical Care Medicine;44(10):e964–e972. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001865
  13. [olson2016npi]BOlson DM et al. (2016). Interrater reliability of pupillary assessments. Neurocritical Care;24(2):251–257.
  14. [guiza2015b_dose]BGuiza F et al. (2015). Visualizing the pressure and time burden of intracranial hypertension in adult and paediatric TBI. Intensive Care Medicine;41(6):1067-1076.
  15. [meert2015_palliative_care]ExpertMeert KL et al. (2015). Physicians experiences and recommendations for sharing the news of a child's death. JAMA Pediatrics;169(8):782-789.
  16. [depreitere2014]Depreitere B et al. (2014). Pressure autoregulation monitoring and cerebral perfusion pressure target recommendation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury based on minute-by-minute monitoring data. Journal of Neurosurgery;120(6):1451–1457. doi:10.3171/2014.3.JNS131500
  17. [depreitere2014icpdose]BDepreitere B et al. (2014). Pressure autoregulation monitoring and CPP target recommendation in patients with severe TBI based on minute-by-minute monitoring data. Journal of Neurosurgery;120(6):1451-1457.
  18. [andresen2014nirs]CAndresen B et al. (2014). Comparison of INVOS 5100C and Nonin SenSmart X-100 oximeter performance in preterm infants with spontaneous apnea. Pediatric Research;79:466-472.
  19. [varsos2013ccp]BVarsos GV et al. (2013). Critical closing pressure determined with a model of cerebrovascular impedance. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism;33(2):235-243.
  20. [wedatilake2013_leigh]CWedatilake Y et al. (2013). SURF1 deficiency: a multi-centre natural history study. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases;8:96.
  21. [sorrentino2012]Sorrentino E et al. (2012). Critical thresholds for cerebrovascular reactivity after traumatic brain injury. Neurocritical Care;16(2):258–266. doi:10.1007/s12028-011-9630-8
  22. [aries2012]BAries MJH et al. (2012). Continuous determination of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in traumatic brain injury. Critical Care Medicine;40(8):2456–2463. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182514eb6
  23. [deriva2012_pi]Bde Riva N et al. (2012). Transcranial Doppler pulsatility index: what it is and what it is not. Neurocritical Care;17(1):58-66.
  24. [aries2012cppopt]BAries MJ et al. (2012). Continuous determination of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in traumatic brain injury. Critical Care Medicine;40(8):2456-2463.
  25. [chen2011]Chen JW et al. (2011). Pupillary reactivity as an early indicator of increased intracranial pressure. Surgical Neurology International;2:82. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.82248
  26. [bohman2014]Bohman LE et al. (2011). Medical management of compromised brain oxygen in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocritical Care;14(3):361–369. doi:10.1007/s12028-011-9526-7
  27. [dreier2009]Dreier JP (2011). The role of spreading depression, spreading depolarization and spreading ischemia in neurological disease. Nature Medicine;17(4):439–447. doi:10.1038/nm.2333
  28. [cottenceau2011]Cottenceau V et al. (2011). Comparison of effects of equiosmolar doses of mannitol and hypertonic saline on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma;28(10):2003–2012. doi:10.1089/neu.2011.1929
  29. [tazarourte2011_tcd]CTazarourte K et al. (2011). Pre-hospital transcranial Doppler in severe traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica;55(4):422-428.
  30. [brady2010]Brady KM et al. (2010). Real-time continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow autoregulation using near-infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Stroke;41(9):1951–1956. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.575159
  31. [brady2010orx]CBrady KM et al. (2010). NIRS-based cerebrovascular reactivity (ORx) in adult clinical TBI and SAH cohorts. Neurocritical Care.
  32. [kurth2009]Kurth CD et al. (2009). Cerebral oxygen saturation-time threshold for hypoxic-ischemic injury in piglets. Anesthesia & Analgesia;108(4):1268–1277. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e318196ac8e
  33. [kim2009rap]CKim DJ et al. (2009). Index of cerebrospinal compensatory reserve in hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery;64(3):494–501.
  34. [brady2009piglet]CBrady KM et al. (2009). Brain-induced hyperemia: a piglet model of cerebral autoregulation. Anesthesiology.
  35. [lee2009ndnirs]BLee JK et al. (2009). Cerebrovascular reactivity measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Stroke;40(5):1820-1826.
  36. [hellstrom2008]Hellström-Westas L et al. (2008). Atlas of Amplitude-Integrated EEGs in the Newborn. Informa Healthcare.
  37. [rosenthal2008]Rosenthal G et al. (2008). Brain tissue oxygen tension is more indicative of oxygen diffusion than oxygen delivery and metabolism in patients with traumatic brain injury. Critical Care Medicine;36(6):1917–1924. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181743d77
  38. [geeraerts2008]Geeraerts T et al. (2008). Use of T2-weighted MRI of the optic nerve sheath to detect raised intracranial pressure. Critical Care;12(5):R114. doi:10.1186/cc7006
  39. [brady2007]Brady KM et al. (2007). Continuous time-domain analysis of cerebrovascular autoregulation using near-infrared spectroscopy. Stroke;38(10):2818–2825. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.485706
  40. [brady2007piglet]BBrady KM et al. (2007). Continuous measurement of autoregulation by spontaneous fluctuations in cerebral perfusion pressure: comparison of 3 methods. Stroke;38(11):2818–2825.
  41. [hellstromwestas2006]AHellström-Westas L et al. (2006). Amplitude-integrated EEG: classification and interpretation in preterm and term infants. NeoReviews;7(2):e76–e87.
  42. [smielewski1996]Smielewski P et al. (2005). ICM+: software for on-line analysis of bedside monitoring data after severe head trauma. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement;95:43–49. doi:10.1007/3-211-32318-x_10
  43. [stiefel2005]CStiefel MF et al. (2005). Reduced mortality rate in patients with severe traumatic brain injury treated with brain tissue oxygen monitoring. Journal of Neurosurgery;103(5):805–811. doi:10.3171/jns.2005.103.5.0805
  44. [engstrom2005]Engström M et al. (2005). Intracerebral microdialysis in severe brain trauma: the importance of catheter location. Journal of Neurosurgery;102(3):460–469. doi:10.3171/jns.2005.102.3.0460
  45. [wijdicks2005]Wijdicks EFM et al. (2005). Validation of a new coma scale: the FOUR score. Annals of Neurology;58(4):585–593. doi:10.1002/ana.20611
  46. [caricato2005]Caricato A et al. (2005). Effects of PEEP on the intracranial system of patients with head injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage: the role of respiratory system compliance. Journal of Trauma;58(3):571–576. doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000152806.19198.db
  47. [claassen2004]Claassen J et al. (2004). Detection of electrographic seizures with continuous EEG monitoring in critically ill patients. Neurology;62(10):1743–1748. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000125184.88797.62
  48. [bellner2004]Bellner J et al. (2004). Transcranial Doppler sonography pulsatility index (PI) reflects intracranial pressure (ICP). Surgical Neurology;62(1):45–51. doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2003.12.007
  49. [bellner2004ebic]CBellner J et al. (2004). Transcranial Doppler sonography pulsatility index correlates with intracranial pressure. Surgical Neurology;62(1):45–51.
  50. [schmidt2003]Schmidt B et al. (2003). Cerebral vasodilatation causing acute intracranial hypertension. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism;21(4):305–311.
  51. [robinson2003]Robinson LR et al. (2003). Predictive value of somatosensory evoked potentials for awakening from coma. Critical Care Medicine;31(3):960–967. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000053643.21751.3B
  52. [logi2003]Logi F et al. (2003). The prognostic value of evoked responses from primary somatosensory and auditory cortex in comatose patients. Clinical Neurophysiology;114(9):1615–1627. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00086-5
  53. [lang2003poss]CLang EW et al. (2003). Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular autoregulation: a validation study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry;74(8):1053-1059.
  54. [steiner2002]BSteiner LA et al. (2002). Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity allows determination of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury. Critical Care Medicine;30(4):733–738. doi:10.1097/00003246-200204000-00002
  55. [vespa2010]Vespa PM et al. (2002). Early and persistent impaired percent alpha variability on continuous EEG monitoring as predictive of poor outcome after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery;97(1):84–92. doi:10.3171/jns.2002.97.1.0084
  56. [drover2002]Drover DR et al. (2002). Patient State Index: titration of delivery and recovery from propofol, alfentanil, and nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesthesiology;97(1):82–89. doi:10.1097/00000542-200207000-00012
  57. [soukup2002]Soukup J et al. (2002). The importance of brain temperature in patients after severe head injury: relationship to intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral blood flow, and outcome. Journal of Neurotrauma;19(5):559–571. doi:10.1089/089771502753754046
  58. [strong2002]CStrong AJ et al. (2002). Spreading and synchronous depressions of cortical activity in acutely injured human brain. Stroke;33(12):2738–2743.
  59. [vajkoczy2000tdf]CVajkoczy P et al. (2000). Continuous monitoring of regional cerebral blood flow: experimental and clinical validation of a novel thermal diffusion microprobe. J Neurosurg;93(2):265–274.
  60. [czosnyka1999]Czosnyka M et al. (1999). Hemodynamic characterization of intracranial pressure plateau waves in head-injury patients. Journal of Neurosurgery;91(1):11–19. doi:10.3171/jns.1999.91.1.0011
  61. [toet1999]AToet MC et al. (1999). Amplitude integrated EEG 3 and 6 hours after birth in full term neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed;81(1):F19–F23.
  62. [rampil1998]Rampil IJ (1998). A primer for EEG signal processing in anesthesia. Anesthesiology;89(4):980–1002. doi:10.1097/00000542-199810000-00023
  63. [henker1998]Henker RA et al. (1998). Comparison of brain temperature with bladder and rectal temperatures in adults with severe head injury. Neurosurgery;42(5):1071–1075. doi:10.1097/00006123-199805000-00071
  64. [czosnyka1997]BCzosnyka M et al. (1997). Continuous assessment of the cerebral vasomotor reactivity in head injury. Neurosurgery;41(1):11–19. doi:10.1097/00006123-199707000-00005
  65. [larson1997]Larson MD et al. (1997). Pupillary response to noxious stimulation during isoflurane and propofol anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia;76(5):1072–1078.
  66. [czosnyka1997prx]BCzosnyka M et al. (1997). Continuous assessment of the cerebral vasomotor reactivity in head injury. Neurosurgery;41(1):11–17.
  67. [schmidt1997nicp]CSchmidt B et al. (1997). Cerebral vasodilatation causing acute intracranial hypertension: a method for noninvasive assessment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab;19(4):423–429.
  68. [czosnyka1996rap]Czosnyka M et al. (1996). Significance of intracranial pressure waveform analysis after head injury. Acta Neurochirurgica;138(5):531–541. doi:10.1007/BF01411173
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Consensus statements (41)

  1. [figaji2025_mmm_pediatric_consensus]ExpertFigaji AA et al. (2025). Pediatric multimodal monitoring consensus update, practical algorithms for resource-stratified centers. Intensive Care Medicine, Paediatric and Neonatal.
  2. [tasker2023]ExpertTasker RC et al. (2023). Pediatric multimodal monitoring: clinical and research priorities. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine.
  3. [tasker2023mnm]ExpertTasker RC et al. (2023). Pediatric multimodal neuromonitoring: international Delphi consensus. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine.
  4. [hoh2023sah_aha]ExpertHoh BL et al. (2023). Guideline for the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke;54(7):e314-e370.
  5. [hirsch2021]ExpertHirsch LJ et al. (2021). American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology: 2021 Version. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology;38(1):1–29. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000806
  6. [hirsch2021acns]AHirsch LJ et al. (2021). ACNS Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology: 2021 version. J Clin Neurophysiol;38(1):1–29.
  7. [topjian2021aha_pediatric]ExpertTopjian AA et al. (2021). Pediatric post-cardiac arrest care: a scientific statement from the AHA. Circulation;144(13):e194-e233.
  8. [pressler2017neonatal]ExpertPressler RM et al. (2021). The ILAE classification of seizures and the epilepsies: modification for seizures in the neonate (ILAE Task Force). Epilepsia;62(3):615-628.
  9. [pals2020]ExpertTopjian AA et al. (2020). Part 4: Pediatric basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation;142(16_suppl_2):S469–S523. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000901
  10. [greer2020_braindeath]ExpertGreer DM et al. (2020). Determination of brain death/death by neurologic criteria: the World Brain Death Project. JAMA;324(11):1078-1097.
  11. [kochanek2019]ExpertKochanek PM et al. (2019). Management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury: 2019 consensus and guidelines-based algorithm for first and second tier therapies. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine;20(3):269–279. doi:10.1097/PCC.0000000000001737
  12. [ferriero2019_aha_pedstroke]ExpertFerriero DM et al. (2019). Management of stroke in neonates and children: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke;50(3):e51–e96.
  13. [topjian2020aha]BTopjian AA et al. (2019). Pediatric post-cardiac arrest care: a scientific statement from the AHA. Circulation;140(6):e194–e233. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000697
  14. [kochanek2019pbtf]BKochanek PM et al. (2019). Guidelines for the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury (3rd ed.). Pediatric Critical Care Medicine;20(3S):S1–S82.
  15. [kochanek2019_pbtf4]ExpertKochanek PM et al. (2019). Guidelines for the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury, third edition (PBTF/SCCM). Pediatric Critical Care Medicine;20(3S):S1-S82.
  16. [ferriero2019aha_pedstroke]ExpertFerriero DM et al. (2019). Management of stroke in neonates and children: a scientific statement from the AHA/ASA. Stroke;50(3):e51-e96.
  17. [dreier2017]ExpertDreier JP et al. (2017). Recording, analysis, and interpretation of spreading depolarizations in neurointensive care: review and recommendations of the COSBID research group. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism;37(5):1595–1625. doi:10.1177/0271678X16654496
  18. [parikh2017_mitochondrial_consensus]ExpertParikh S et al. (2017). Patient care standards for primary mitochondrial disease, consensus statement. Genetics in Medicine;19(12):1380.
  19. [dreier2017sd]ExpertDreier JP et al. (2017). Recording, analysis, and interpretation of spreading depolarizations: international consensus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab;37(5):1595–1625.
  20. [dreier2017sd_cosbid]ExpertDreier JP et al. (2017). Recording, analysis, and interpretation of spreading depolarizations in neurointensive care: review and recommendations of the COSBID research group. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism;37(5):1595-1625.
  21. [parikh2017_mito_consensus]ExpertParikh S et al. (2017). Patient care standards for primary mitochondrial disease: a consensus statement from the Mitochondrial Medicine Society. Genetics in Medicine;19(12):1380-1397.
  22. [glauser2016esett]ExpertGlauser T et al. (2016). Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults. Epilepsy Currents;16(1):48-61.
  23. [vandebeek2016eu_meningitis]Expertvan de Beek D et al. (2016). ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection;22 Suppl 3:S37-S62.
  24. [hutchinson2015]ExpertHutchinson PJ et al. (2015). Consensus statement from the 2014 International Microdialysis Forum. Intensive Care Medicine;41(9):1517–1528. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3930-y
  25. [trinka2015_status_definition]ExpertTrinka E et al. (2015). A definition and classification of status epilepticus, Report of the ILAE Task Force. Epilepsia;56(10):1515–1523.
  26. [herman2015acns]AHerman ST et al. (2015). Consensus statement on continuous EEG in critically ill adults and children, part I: indications. J Clin Neurophysiol;32(2):87–95.
  27. [hutchinson2015md]ExpertHutchinson PJ et al. (2015). Consensus statement from the 2014 International Microdialysis Forum. Intensive Care Medicine;41(9):1517–1528.
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Recent (last 36 months) (24)

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Trials (32)

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Reviews (59)

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