27 monitors, one template

The neurological exam, Glasgow Coma Scale, FOUR score, and pediatric adaptations remain the foundation under every monitor.

Childhood AIS / sinovenous thrombosis, diagnosis, hyperacute monitoring, the role of MNM in detecting evolution, and post-thrombolysis surveillance.

Diffuse correlation spectroscopy and time/frequency-domain NIRS, research-grade techniques that quantify absolute CBF and tissue oxygenation, increasingly deployed in pediatric NICU and CICU.

A bedside-friendly time-compressed EEG envelope, the workhorse for NICU and PICU encephalopathy assessment.

Single-number processed-EEG indices that map to behavioral state under sedation. Useful trend, never a substitute for raw EEG.

Real-time cortical electrical activity, the only bedside tool that detects non-convulsive seizures.

NIRS-based reactivity: correlation between MAP and rSO₂. Non-invasive surrogate for autoregulation status.

Bedside transfontanellar ultrasound, the most useful non-invasive imaging tool for infants with open fontanelles. Hydrocephalus, IVH, oedema, and indirect ICP estimates.

TCD-based reactivity: the same correlation idea as PRx, but using cerebral flow velocity instead of ICP. Useful when no ICP probe is in.

TCD-derived (Bellner formula, PI), Brain4Care extensometers, tympanic membrane displacement, methods that estimate ICP without a bolt.

Cerebral oxygenation by light: the modified Beer-Lambert law gives regional oxygen saturation 2–3 cm below the optode pair.

An algorithmic, observer-independent pupillary reflex score that detects early herniation hours before clinical signs.

Bedside ultrasound of the optic nerve sheath, a non-invasive window onto raised ICP, especially useful when invasive monitoring is unavailable.

Spectrogram, alpha-delta ratio, suppression index, asymmetry, quantitative summaries of long EEG runs that detect ischemia and DCI before clinicians can.

Median or tibial nerve stimulation generates the cortical N20; auditory clicks generate brainstem waves I–V. Both contribute to coma prognostication.

Insonation of the basal cerebral arteries to produce velocity waveforms, non-invasive flow surrogates and pulsatility.

A thermistor co-located with the ICP bolt. Brain temperature usually exceeds core; the gradient widens with seizure, hyperemia, and mass lesions.

CPP = MAP − ICP. Same number reachable by very different paths; the path matters.

The CPP at which autoregulation works best, the bottom of the U-shaped PRx vs CPP curve over the past 4 hours.

Thermal diffusion (Hemedex/Bowman) and laser Doppler probes report real-time regional CBF, research-grade in most centers.

Subdural strip ECoG detects spreading depolarizations, slow propagating waves of cellular collapse that drive secondary injury.

Direct intraparenchymal or intraventricular pressure measurement, the bedrock of neurocritical care.

A semipermeable catheter samples interstitial fluid for glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, glutamate. The L/P ratio classifies metabolic crises.

A polarographic or fluorescent probe in white matter reports tissue oxygen tension. < 15–20 mmHg = trouble; threshold-driven therapy reduced mortality in BOOST-II.

Moving Pearson correlation between mean arterial pressure and ICP, the most established autoregulation index at the bedside.

Correlation between ICP pulse amplitude and mean ICP, a window onto the compliance state of the cranium.

A retrograde IJ catheter sampling jugular bulb oxygen saturation, global cerebral O₂ extraction by the Fick principle.